Comprehensive Guide to Managing Autism - 16

Managing Fatty Acids

Autistic children typically have a gross deficiency in almost all nutrients, but the nature of the condition is to throw things out of balance. This is true of fatty acids. These kids have a problem with fatty acids, including an accumulation of too many very-long-chain-fatty acids (VLCFA). Proper fatty acid intake and balance are necessary to protein metabolism. This paper will help you understand more about this subject, and give a few suggestions of possible help. Physical symptoms signaling an Omega-6 fatty acid deficiency in children are the appearance of small bumps on the skin, particularly the shoulders (often called “chicken skin”), excessive dryness of hair and skin, brittle nails, excessive thirst and urination, eczema, and seborrhea (dandruff).  

Our ancestor’s main sources of fat were lean wild animals, fish, and nuts. Currently the American diet contains similar amounts of fat (35-40%), but the amounts of the various types of fats are very different. The main fat types eaten today are saturated fat from fatty red meats and dairy products, and transfatty acids from margarine, peanut butter, and processed baked goods. Omega-3 fats are almost nonexistent in the diet. The overabundance of saturated fat and Omega-6 EFAs, the introduction of an entirely new fat type (transfatty acids that deplete selenium stores), and a major deficiency in Omega-3 EFAs have resulted in major health problems such as heart disease, stroke, hypertension, cancer, and chronic degenerative diseases, and contributes to other chronic conditions such as autism. Another adverse effect of trans-fats in the diet is an enhancement of the body’s pro-inflammatory hormones (prostaglandin E2) and inhibition of the anti-inflammatory types (prostaglandin E1 and E3). This undesirable influence on prostaglandin balance will render you more vulnerable to inflammatory conditions that don’t want to heal! The part of the brain that Omega-3 deficiency affects is the learning ability, anxiety/depression, and auditory and visual perception. The Omega-3 fats also aid in balancing the autoimmune system.  A growing number of children have autoimmune allergies, colic, and skin problems that are often shared by the parents. 

There are eight essential fatty acids divided into two classes: Omega-3 and Omega 6. Since we have quit saturated (solid) fats, and begun to use oils, we are getting too much Omega-6 fatty acid. The typical American diet is overbalanced to Omega-6/Omega-3 about 24 to 1. On the face of it, this would seem to justify supplementing Omega-3 for the general population to restore balance. For most, however, in particular the autistic, the enzyme Delta-6 Desaturase needed to convert the long-chain linoleic acid (LA) into gamma linolenic acid (GLA) is severely inhibited creating a marked deficiency of GLA. The resultant build up of unconverted Omega-6, and the overbalance of Omega-6 to Omega-3 tends to produce arachidonic acid and the inflammatory PgE2 that promotes inflammatory conditions throughout the body and tends to cancer. PgE2 is often present in angina, arthritis, Crohn’s Disease, diabetes, depression, food allergies, dysmenorrhea, multiple sclerosis, thrombosis, and schizophrenia. In humans with neuropathy or impairment of the immune system, significant deficits of Omega 3 EFAs have been measured. This detrimental effect can be offset by feeding more Omega-3, by supplementing antioxidants, and by managing the fatty acid pathway as outlined herein. Although there is always greater need for the Omega-6s than the Omega-3s, the farther north one goes, the greater the need for the Omega-3s that are more polyunsaturated. In the far north, the ratio of Omega-6 to Omega-3 is about 2.5:1 in the food chain, in temperate zones 4:1, in the tropics 10:1.  

Eicosanoids are a class of super-hormones that control all the body’s hormone systems, and virtually every vital physiological function. Those made from Omega-3 are rather neutral. Production of the “good” and “bad” eicosanoids all begins within the cell with the Omega-6, essential, fatty acid, linoleic acid, at least some of which has been delivered there by the amino acid carnitine. The enzyme Delta 6 Desaturase converts linoleic acid to gamma linolenic acid (GLA) without which no eicosanoids can be produced. For the first six months, GLA must be supplied by mother’s milk, since the child cannot produce it yet. Most “formula” or cow’s milk provide virtually none (and no DHA either). Children with eczema and asthma usually have a weakness in this enzyme, and supplementing GLA has produced significant improvement in their condition. After age thirty, the ability to produce GLA slows due to loss of Delta-6 Desaturase enzyme activity, and at 65 production is probably reduced to 1/3 what it was at age 25. Furthermore, any intake of transfatty acids, excess saturated fats, excess alpha linolenic acid (ALA—an Omega-3 fatty acid, precursor to EPA/DHA, found in high amounts in flax seed, flax seed oil, and walnuts), high carbohydrate meals, acetylaldehydes (from candida and alcohol), and stress all interfere with Delta-6 Desaturase, as does a deficiency of vitamin B₆, niacin, magnesium, and zinc. The worst of all is the transfatty acids from hydrogenated oils and processed foods. Avoid it like the plague.  

Zinc deficiency leads to an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis from essential fatty acids, either by blocking linoleic acid desaturation to gamma linolenic acid, or by inhibiting the mobilization of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) from the tissue membrane stores. It also leads to an impairment of vitamin A metabolism. Disease, especially viral infections (chronic measles, herpes, and Epstein Barr Virus?), along with stress produced hormones (adrenaline and cortisol, which increases insulin), acetylaldehyde (a neurotoxin produced by candida, auto exhaust, alcohol, and cigarette smoke), hypothyroidism (often induced or made worse by fluoride in drinking and bath water), and a high-carbohydrate diet (that increases insulin) all interfere with this Delta-6 Desaturase, therefore, almost everyone can be benefited by supplementing GLA in form of Evening Primrose oil.  

Herbs that excrete fatty acids (through enhanced cytochrome p450 liver enzyme activity) such as Angelica, Licorice, Turmeric, Ginger, Milk Thistle, Pau D’Arco, Royal Jelly, Sheep Sorrel, carrageenans, and Ginkgo Biloba can reduce these vital substrates, Omega-6 and Omega-3, thus reducing GLA and EPA leading to health problems, especially asthma, eczema, rosacea, and dry skin and hair. (See Dr. Darryl See’s report for a list of herbs adversely affecting these enzymes.) These several things that hinder Delta-6 Desaturase, and the use of these herbs, result in virtually everyone lacking GLA and DGLA. This will lead one to have weight problems, muscle loss, energy loss, suppressed immune function, and to be generally less healthy. GLA deficiency tends to seizures. Those showing any sign of seizure activity should have a fatty acid analysis before supplementing fatty acids. Since one of the many functions of Omega-6 is to regulate water loss, a deficiency GLA is often indicated by dry skin and hair, brittle nails, dandruff, excessive thirst and urination, and rough skin. The second common reason for dry skin is subclinical hypothyroidism.  

The well-documented phytates of cereal grains sequester many divalent ions including calcium, zinc, iron, and magnesium, leading to deficiencies that can impair bone growth and metabolism. Further, there are antinutrients in cereal grains that directly impair vitamin D metabolism [Batchelor 1983; Clement 1987]; and rickets is routinely induced in animal models via consumption of high levels of cereal grains [Sly 1984]. Deficiencies of vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, selenium, and zinc are common in autism because of a high carbohydrate diet and malabsorption.  

Less well appreciated is the ability of whole grains to impair biotin metabolism. Bruce Watkins [Watkins 1990], as well as others [Blair 1989; Kopinksi 1989], have shown that biotin deficiencies can be induced in animal models by feeding them high levels of wheat, sorghum, and other cereal grains. Biotin-dependent carboxylases are important metabolic catalysts of fatty-acid synthesis, and deficiencies severely inhibit the chain-elongation and desaturation of 18:2n6 (linoleate) to 20:4n6 (arachidonic acid). Biotin deficiency is common in autism. Human dietary supplementation trials with biotin have shown this vitamin to reduce fingernail brittleness and ridging that are associated with deficiencies of this vitamin [Hochman 1993].  

When yeast levels are high, often there are high levels of arabinose. According to Dr. Shaw, this can cause a functional deficiency of B₆, lipoic acid, and biotin. A lack of biotin will cause hypoglycemia and excess ammonia. A biotin deficit can also lead to depression, muscle pain, fungal infections of the skin, rashes, nausea, sleepiness, acidosis, fine and brittle hair, dry skin, hair loss, seborrheic dermatitis and a poor fatty acid profile due to interference with the Desaturase enzymes. It serves as a carrier of carbon dioxide. A deficit of biotin can be caused by prolonged antibiotic treatment, the ingestion of raw egg whites, or the use of certain anticonvulsant drugs, primarily Dilantin. (See this article by Dr. Sloan, http://author.emedicine.com/PED/topic238.htm.) 

The amount people are using to overcome this problem is rather high. A product called Biotin 5000 Yeast Free by Nutricology/Allergy Research Group. It has 5 mg of Biotin per capsule. Most Biotin supplements are measured in mcg, which is a much smaller measurement. Phone (800) 782-4274 or (510) 639-4572 or website www.nutricology.com 

However, some caution must be exercised. Biotin must be balanced with inositol, another B-vitamin, to avoid fatty liver damage. 

Those with multiple sclerosis or those who have antibodies to myelin protein (as found in many of the autistic) might also want to note that biotin is involved in the synthesis of fats in the nervous system, and so should probably be given special attention in the MS diet. 

Once GLA is available, it converts to Dihomo Gama Linolenic acid (DGLA), and the enzyme delta 5 Desaturase enters the picture. It is made overactive by a high carbohydrate-low fat diet and by stress-produced cortisol (both raise insulin levels), and by a magnesium deficiency, all of which enhance production of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 that causes inflammatory conditions. Delta 5 desaturase is inhibited by glucagon (the hormonal counterbalance to insulin that opens fat stores for energy supply), and by most flavons, especially Quercetin, and by EPA. These favor production of good eicosanoids, especially PgE1.  

There is a close correlation between insulin, excitotoxins, free radicals, and eicosanoid production. Glutamate primarily acts by opening the calcium channel, allowing calcium to pour into the cell’s interior. Intracellular calcium in high concentrations initiates the enzymatic release of arachidonic acid from the cell membrane, where it is then attacked by two enzyme systems, the cyclooxygenase system and the lipooxgenase system. These in turn produce a series of compounds that can damage cell membranes, proteins, and DNA, primarily by free radical production, but also directly by the “harmful eicosanoids”. Magnesium and manganese counter this undesirable flood of calcium into cells. 

Biochemically, we know that high glycemic, carbohydrate diets, that stimulate the excess release of insulin, can trigger the production of “harmful eicosanoids”. We should also recognize that simple sugars are not the only substances that can trigger the release of insulin. One of the more powerful triggers involves the amino acids leucine, alanine, and taurine. Glutamine, while not acting as an insulin trigger itself, markedly potentiates insulin release by leucine. This is why, except under certain situations, individual “free” amino acids should be avoided. Interestingly, insulin increases toxic sensitivity to other excitotoxins as well. Of particular interest is the finding that most of the flavonoids, especially Quercetin, are potent and selective inhibitors of delta 5-lipooxygenase enzymes that initiates the production of “bad” eicosanoids. Flavones are also potent and selective inhibitors of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) that is responsible for the production of thromboxane A2, one of the “harmful eicosanoids”. The COX-2 enzymes are associated only with excitatory type neurons in the brain, and appear to play a major role in neurodegeneration. One of the critical steps in the production of eicosanoids is the liberation of arachidonic acid from the cell membrane by phospholipase A2. Flavonones such as naringenin (from grapefruit) and hesperetin (citrus fruits) produce a dose related inhibition of phospholipase A2 (80% inhibition), thereby inhibiting the release of arachidonic acid. The flavons can thus be somewhat helpful in inhibiting production of Arachidonic Acid and harmful, inflammatory eicosanoids. The non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs act similarly to block the production of inflammatory eicosanoids. Unfortunately, flavons, especially Quercetin, also inhibit Phase I liver enzymes. 

Eating the proper ratio of carbohydrate to protein (that stimulates glucagon) for your metabolic type enables the delta 6 desaturase to produce the necessary GLA, and by eating fish or supplementing fish oil, the resulting glucagon and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) prevents the delta 5 desaturase enzyme from forming excessive arachidonic acid. Where an overabundance of arachidonic acids exists, as it does for many, that imbalance can be helped by eating fatty fish (salmon, sardines, mackerel, or tuna) two or three times a week—or using cod-liver oil (1 to 2 tablespoons several times a week for adults), and cooking with olive oil. This, along with adequate B-vitamins, vitamin C, magnesium, and zinc, will divert the DGLA into the desirable pathway to produce the anti-inflammatory prostaglandin PgE1. If your metabolic type is unknown, use a 40-30-30 ratio of carbohydrate, protein, and fat, and avoid all sources of transfatty acids (primarily hydrogenated oils and commercial baked goods).  

For the autistic, the odds favor best results if you supplement Evening Primrose oil to restore levels of GLA. First, supplement vitamin C (250-1000 mg, divided into three servings) and E (200-400 IU) with selenium (100 to 200 mcg) for a week. If this is not done, in susceptible children, an asthma attack or a seizure may be triggered by the free radicals generated by the EPO. Continue supplementing the antioxidants, and add one 500 mg capsule of EPO. Increase to 2500 mg as it is seen to be tolerated. This can be in two 1300 mg capsules. Ensure that the proper ratio of protein to carbohydrate is maintained. When beneficial results in energy, weight gain (where needed), or reduction in the symptoms of fatty acid deficiency are seen, or after at least six weeks, reduce the Evening Primrose Oil to one 500 mg capsule, and add two to three teaspoons of cod-liver oil (based on the child’s size—2 tablespoons for adults). To supply additional EPA needed, add one tablespoon of salmon oil that has no vitamin A and D. (See Patricia Kane’s recommendations just below).   

Dr. Juan Alvarez and Dr. Steven Freedman of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, who worked with mice genetically altered to mimic cystic fibrosis, showed the significance of excess arachidonic acid and the lack of the Omega-3 fatty acid (DHA). They found the altered mice had abnormally high levels of one fatty acid (arachidonic acid), and abnormally low levels of another (docosahexaenoic acid, or DHA). The imbalance was limited to the organs most affected by cystic fibrosis, including the lungs, pancreas and intestines. When the altered mice were fed large doses of DHA for one week, the researchers reported, not only was that imbalance corrected—the signs of cystic fibrosis also were reversed! If you want to really understand many of these implications, read Enter The Zone, by Barry Sears, Ph.D. 

Dr. Sears casts much light on arachidonic and other fatty acids. First, animal protein sources like steak and eggs, organ meats, and fatty red meats are high in arachidonic acid. Getting too much or too little fatty acids in a meal can throw you out of the “Zone”. The effect of the dietary ratio of protein-to-carbohydrate, in each meal eaten, upon the Omega-6 fatty acids and their conversion to GLA will determine if you ever enter the Zone of optimal health. That is the reason for the “Profile” plan of eating suggested below. You must balance your protein/carbohydrate intake with each meal. This is to maintain a favorable balance of eicosanoids—there are “good” ones and “bad” ones. Prostaglandins are a subgroup, and there are “good” and “bad” prostaglandins. All eicosanoids are produced from essential fatty acids (and we typically don’t get enough of these). High insulin hormone levels produced by a low-fat, high carbohydrate diet creates “bad” eicosanoids; high glucagon hormone levels produce “good” eicosanoids. This is determined by dietary balance between carbohydrates and protein in each meal, by supplementing of the B-vitamins, vitamins C and E, and the minerals zinc, selenium, magnesium, and manganese, and by the eating of fish or fish oil. 

As a result of these influences, Americans are universally deficient in GLA in spite of an overbalance of Omega-6 to Omega-3 fatty acids in the diet that some judge to be 24 to 1. Many chronic diseases are associated with this decline in production of GLA and/or the imbalance created in the production of eicosanoids. One sure way to reduce the Delta 6 Desaturase enzyme activity, and the production of GLA, is to eat a low-fat, high carbohydrate diet (that we are urged by the government sanctioned “pyramid” eating plan to do. This eating plan has been widely accepted, and accounts for most obesity and overweight as well as the chronic inflammatory diseases.). All this reduces production of “good” eicosanoids, and increases the production of inflammatory “bad” eicosanoids.  

So, if unhindered, linoleic acid is metabolized to GLA, and GLA is converted to Dihomo Gamma Linolenic acid (DGLA). From here, there are two branches to good/bad eicosanoids—controlled by an enzyme that is itself controlled by two hormones: insulin and glucagon. When this enzyme, Delta 5 Desaturase, is inhibited by glucagon being predominant, PgE1 (a non–inflammatory prostaglandin), and other Prostaglandins that reduce the manufacture of cholesterol in the liver are produced. When insulin predominates due to excessive carbohydrates, the enzyme is activated and produces arachidonic acid. Excess arachidonic acid to DGLA is your worst biological nightmare for from it comes Thromboxane A2 (which causes platelet clumping), PgE2 (which promotes inflammation and pain and depresses the immune system), and leukotrienes (which promote allergies and skin disorders). Maintaining the proper ratio of DGLA to arachidonic acid is the key to good health and proper body function. 

There is one more important ingredient to add to this long list of fatty acids, that is eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a member of the Omega–3 family of fatty acids. Like all Omega–3 fatty acids, EPA is a regulator of the enzymes that control the flow of Omega-6 fatty acids as they progress toward production of good/bad eicosanoids. Its major importance is that it inhibits the activity of the enzyme that makes arachidonic acid (Delta 5 Desaturase). To control arachidonic acid, and the harmful eicosanoids it produces, supplement GLA. [Evening Primrose oil is the best choice. Black currant oil, black walnut oil, and flax oil have too much Alpha Linolenic Acid (and only 3% converts to EPA, if any, and several studies have linked it to increased risk of prostate cancer), and Borage oil may promote seizures]. Furthermore, control stress, eliminate excess carbohydrates (especially eliminate the high-glycemic types), eliminate all hydrogenated fats with their transfatty acids, and because of their long-chain, fatty acids, reduce intake of Omega–6 oils. Avoid Canola, Safflower, cottonseed, corn, and peanut oils, peanut butter (especially the hydrogenated), and mustard. Substitute olive oil and coconut oil for cooking (not all saturated fat is bad, only an overabundance). Finally, eat fatty fish (salmon, sardines, and mackerel) three times a week, or take cod-liver oil.  

Some autistic children cannot handle cod-liver oil. Because of faulty metabolism or a lack of GLA, they often have accumulated an excess of Omega-3 oil, and the very-long-chain-fatty acids. These VLCFA suppress the immune function and increase free radicals in the bile, irritating the intestines. This is likely due to a depressed thyroid function, but the typical medical test will not detect it. Supporting the thyroid will burn off these excess and harmful VLCFA. Excessive thirst, excessive urination, dry skin and hair, dandruff, eczema, brittle nails, and rough skin will identify these children who are deficient of GLA. If you give them cod-liver oil they become exceedingly thirsty, and their behavior may be upset by it. In that case, discontinue the CLO and supplement Evening Primrose oil to restore the fatty acid balance. Having met the need for GLA, the best oil for these children is cod-liver oil supplying as it does a much-needed dose of vitamins A and D with the EPA/DHA fatty acids. In introducing these oils, follow the procedure outlined above. Two to three teaspoons (depending on the child’s size—2 tablespoons for adults) of CLO will supply needed vitamin A and D, but may not supply the desired amounts of EPA/DHA. To do that, supplement another tablespoon of salmon oil that does not contain vitamins A and D. If after a few months, the rough skin on shoulders, thighs, and calves has not diminished or disappeared, replace the salmon oil with additional Cod-liver oil. When the rough skin becomes smooth, then reduce to the two or three teaspoons of CLO, and add one tablespoon of salmon oil. One cannot be vitamin A toxic as long as this sign of vitamin A deficiency is still with you. 

There are varying opinions concerning Borage oil. Borage oil contains VLCFAs, and should be restricted for most autistics, who tend to store them. It is said to be excitatory to those prone to seizures, and that it is not as efficient in producing beneficial prostaglandins as is Evening Primrose oil (Dr. Richard Hubbard, Loma Linda University). Use Evening Primrose oil for a while, and then introduce the cod-liver oil as I have outlined above. Primrose oil will not supply the desired vitamins A and D, but it will supply the needed GLA fatty acids. 

So, to control the bad and ensure the production of the good eicosanoids, take cod-liver oil for adequate EPA, and eat a proper ratio of low-glycemic carbohydrate to protein to fit your metabolic type. For determining your metabolic type and the ratio for you, ask for Mannatech’s Metabolic Profile questionnaire. If you do not have this questionnaire, use a ratio of 50% carbohydrate-type foods to 40% protein-type foods. I am not speaking of total percentages, but of the stuff on the plate. Fruit and vegetables are carbohydrate. Nuts and cheese are fat. The proper control of this ratio may be more important to attaining the optimum health zone than the supplementing of the fatty acids, though both are highly desirable. Controlling the protein-carbohydrate ratio controls both the Delta-5 and the Delta-6 Desaturase enzymes. As a result, one can obtain all the GLA needed (a couple of milligrams per day for a healthy adult) from five bowls of old-fashioned oatmeal per week (Barry Sears)! Obviously, not much supplemental GLA is needed when Delta-6 desaturase is working.  

Since most won’t control their carbohydrate/protein ratio, and because of other things interfering with normal production of GLA, one must supplement GLA (Evening Primrose oil), and balance it by supplementing 50 times more EPA than GLA (Sears). The typical 1,300 mg capsule of Evening Primrose oil provides 117 mg GLA requiring more than four tablespoons of cod-liver to balance the GLA/EPA ratios. This seems to be overkill. The 500 mg capsules supply approximately 45 mg of GLA. That would require 2250 mg of EPA (5 teaspoons of cod-liver oil), supplying 23,000 units of vitamin A. This is why I recommend both the cod-liver oil and the fish oil sans vitamin A. Be sure to choose fish oil that has undergone molecular distillation to remove the environmental contaminants. I recommend you use the bulk oil, not capsules, for there is evidence the protein of the capsules prevents the oil (vitamin A) from being fully effective. Dale Alexander™ Brand (Twin Labs™) pure Norwegian oil is unmodified and unfortified—just pure oil bottled under stringent Norwegian law. Kirkman also supplies an oil that has not been fortified by palmitate. The Primrose oil will be more effective if taken with a sulfur-containing protein such as low fat cottage cheese, meat, or eggs. The cod-liver oil works best on an empty stomach.  

Even breast-fed babies may need the extra DHA of fish oil—depending on the mother’s diet One study found that the milk of well-fed, Nigerian women, whose diet was rich in nuts, had five to ten times the Omega-3 content of the average mother in this country. These findings are indicative of just how pitiful the standard American diet (SAD) has become. A low DHA level is said to be a marker for low serotonin, a vital neurotransmitter affecting behavior. Dr. Horrobin, MD, has noted that high eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)–low docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) fish oils like Kirunal™ have been the most effective in ADHD.  

Patricia Kane says the enzyme Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) and Nitric Oxide (NO) formation is augmented by supplementation of DHA (now commercially available derived from algae) and marine oils. The autoimmune presentation of Autism may initially respond negatively to marine oils, DHA, or flax oil due to both the competitive inhibition of Omega-3s and Omega-6s (Prostaglandin-1 series appears to be suppressed in children with ASD), and the stimulation of NOS/NO towards the autoimmune process.  

Kane says that elevation of EPA/DHA is characteristic in disturbances involving dysfunction (inhibition) of cytochrome p450 enzyme, NOS, and peroxisomals (detoxification/Prostaglandin synthesis in the cell). She says Omega-6 essential fatty acids (GLA, the precursor to the “good” PgE-1, as Evening Primrose oil) must be repleted and stabilized before Omega-3 supplementation commences. She says, “Consider carefully that the synthesis of prostaglandins is an oxidative process, therefore loading with antioxidants or the incorrect sequence of EFA repletion may impede progress in ASD presentation.” (Nevertheless, when supplementing with fatty acids, one must supplement with antioxidants—WSL.) As a result, Dr. Patricia Kane recommends six 500 mg capsules of Efamol™ Evening Primrose oil, and a few teaspoons of freshly ground flaxseed. After about six weeks, add one capsule of Efamol™ Omega Combination, or 2 to 4 capsules of Nordic Naturals DHA JR (contains 30 mg DHA, 20 mg EPA, and 20 mg other Omega 3 fatty acids. Its gelatin content may make it undesirable to those on Gf/Cf diets.). This contains full-bodied fish oil that can be chewed. It tastes like strawberries, with a fishy aftertaste that most kids tolerate.  

If you have high EPA/DHA, this is indicative of inhibited Phase I liver enzymes. The use of flax or flax oil, as Kane recommends, may not be as effective as cod-liver oil as a source of Omega-3, and high ALA content of flax will hinder production of GLA. Additionally, the child needs the vitamin A and D of CLO. Furthermore, flax contains phytoestrogens that, like those of soy, can upset the hormone system, and in PST kids, cause phenol toxicity. Salicylates suppress P-form phenol-sulfotransferase, and so does the phytoestrogen, genistein, found in soy.  Therefore, eliminating yeast, and avoiding the phenols, salicylates, and phytoestrogens in food may help balance the fatty acids. Once essential fatty acids are restored, Kane says that 25 mgs pregnenolone may be administered to an autistic child. Results have been remarkable in some instances, with children starting to talk. Pregnenolone increases the overall p450 detox enzyme power of the liver by promoting conservation of the existing enzymes, promoting Phase I body detoxification processes. These herbs also enhance this function: Angelica, Licorice, Turmeric, Ginger, Milk Thistle, Pau D’Arco, Royal Jelly, Sheep Sorrel, carrageenans, and Ginkgo Biloba. Where the Phase I function is suppressed by mercury and excesses of VLCFAs, these can, as she says, be most beneficial, however, where Phase I is of normal function, the use of these can be very detrimental to PST children who have a reduced Phase II function. Your medical professional should carefully monitor the use of these in children.  

A study revealed that boys have a three times higher need for essential fatty acids than girls. This might be one explanation for the larger number of boys experiencing difficulties in various areas of learning and behavior. “Boys with lower levels of Omega 3 fatty acids in their blood scored higher in frequency of behavior problems,” including hyperactivity, impulsivity, anxiety, temper tantrums, and sleep problems, according to research done at Purdue University. Leo Galland, a pediatrician who was the director of the well-known Gesell Institute of Human Development in Connecticut, has used essential fatty acid supplementation to treat children with learning struggles, speech delays, attention problems and behavior problems for years, with good success. Correction of fatty acid imbalances, largely by supplying Omega-3 has been successful in greater ease in reading and learning, improved motor skills and coordination, and reduced behavioral problems according to Dr. Galland. It also boosts the immune function. Authorities recommend that 2% of daily calories be composed of Omega-3 fatty acids. The vitamins A and D from Cod-liver oil corrects night blindness, eliminates symptoms of rickets, and enhances the immune function preventing ear infections. This is all the more effective when zinc is supplied with these oils.  

Many ask about Efalex™. It doesn’t meet the usual needs of these children for there is no EPA, there is a high amount of arachidonic acid, it contains gelatin, and there are no vitamins A and D.  

Essential Fatty Acids are the building blocks of the membranes (gate keepers) of every cell in the body, with the brain containing the most fats. The brain is 60% fat, and 30% of that is in the form of the long-chain, fatty acids, especially DHA. Brain synapses require long-chain, fatty acids to be efficient. The forebrain (the part used the most for sustained attention) has the highest concentration of DHA. DHA, along with vitamin A, is needed by the “rods” in the retina of the eye for normal dark adaptation (seeing well in the dark, and adapting to bright lights). It is required for proper fetal and infant brain development, and has greatly benefited Cystic Fibrosis patients and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It also helps lower high blood pressure and heart rate. Formulas usually do not include DHA, yet even breast fed children may lack this essential brain food, depending on their mother’s dietary intake. Infants given a formula fortified with DHA showed significantly higher problem-solving ability indicating a higher IQ (Lancet 98;352:688-91). Adequate mineral content has a profound effect on a child's IQ. Those given enriched formula had IQ readings 14 points higher than those on standard formula, and showed a lower incidence of cerebral palsy (BMJ 98;317:1981-1987). Adequate vitamin A beforehand will prevent damage from the MMR vaccine that has now been shown to infect the gut of at least 1/3 of the children with autism: Kawashima H, Mori T, Kashiwagi Y, Takekuma K, Hoshika A, Wakefield A Department of Paediatrics, Tokyo Medical University, Japan. 

Due to damage done by the MMR and DPT vaccine, these children need natural, unsaturated cis forms of Vitamin A found in cold water fish like salmon or cod, and in liver, kidney, and milk fat, but are not getting this in the modern diet. Instead, they are dependent on Vitamin A Palmitate, found in commercial infant formula and low fat milk. Unfortunately, absorption of Vitamin A Palmitate requires an intact gut mucosal microvilli surface at the right pH, in the presence of bile for metabolism. Many of these children already have damaged mucosal surfaces due to unrecognized wheat allergy or intolerances, and many lack bile and necessary pH, and so cannot assimilate this vitamin A. Furthermore, this toxin (DPT) separates the G-alpha protein from retinoid receptors (Megson). According to Dr. Megson, if artificial Vitamin A Palmitate binds the now free G-alpha protein, it deactivates by 90% the “off switch” for multiple metabolic pathways, involved in vision and cell growth, and disrupts hormonal regulation and metabolism of lipids, protein and glycogen. Avoid the palmitate form of vitamin A. Additionally, most milk being bought is reduced fat, and then packaged in clear plastic bottles that have allowed the light to destroy from 40% to 90% of the vitamin A that was present! Buy your milk, if any, with full fat, and in cartons.  

As far as DPT and other vaccinations are concerned, a review of literature produced a plethora of additional information relative to the known childhood reactions. These symptoms are also common with encephalitis: vomiting, flatulence, gastroenteritis, stomach aches, enuresis, constipation, loss of sphincter control, back-arching, dilation of pupils, lack of appetite, disturbances of sleep rhythm, severe headache, bulging of the skull, night terrors and chronic sleep disturbances, violent respiration, breath holding (apnea), cyanosis, convulsions, development of autistic symptoms, profuse soapy yellow-green diarrhea, dry cough, crossing of the eyes, loss of coordination, severe stuttering and stammering,  inability to swallow food, otitis with consequent hearing loss, dyslexia, dysgraphia, reading difficulties, inability to deal with abstractions, facial palsy, hypersalivation, involuntary grunting, changed sensitivity to pain, unusual sensitivity to heat, hyperacute hearing, flaccidity, severe one-sided paralysis, paraplegia, quadriplegia, arrested mental development, spasticities, clumsiness, deafness, unexplained seizures, development of Parkinson’s Disease later in life, intellectual and physical regression, development of left-handedness or ambidexterity, development of long-term effects in the absence of acute reaction, pronouncement of the Moro Reflex, unexplained changes in muscle tone, stiffness of the neck, sudden lapse into unconsciousness, unusual difficulty in arousal, and sudden death. The initial symptoms of post-vaccination encephalitis may be minimal, but this does not prevent other effects from manifesting later on, or mean that minimal brain damage has not occurred.  

Medium Chain Triglyceride (MCT) oils are made of triglycerides with medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) having 8 and 10 carbons in their chains. MCFAs are naturally found in coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and milk. It is comprised of primarily caprylic (C8:0) and capric (C10:0) acids with a very small percentage of caproic (C6:0) and lauric (C12:0) acids, which are esterified to a glycerol backbone. This fat is metabolized differently than long-chain triglycerides (LCT). Complete hydrolysis to MCFAs and small amounts of monoglycerides occurs in the stomach with very little secretion of pancreatic lipase or bile acids. After MCFAs are absorbed into the intestinal mucosal cells, they are not resynthesized into triglycerides and incorporated into chylomicrons, as are long-chain fatty acids. MCFAs bypass the lymphatic system, and are carried by the portal vein directly to the liver, where they are metabolized to produce carbon dioxide, ketones, and acetate. 

MCT oil can be used to add calories to a formula or diet in the case of malabsorption syndromes, due to a more rapid digestion and absorption. Since it requires lower concentrations of bile or pancreatic lipase for digestion and absorption, patients with bile acid and pancreatic lipase deficiencies benefit from adding this fat source to the diet. MCTs comprise the lipid component in many infant formulas because infants rely on lingual lipase for lipid digestion when pancreatic function is not fully developed. It may be worth noting that lauric acid delayed the onset of clonic convulsions in mice in a dose dependent manner. 

MCTs are contraindicated for people with diabetes, due to the risk of hyperketonemia. They are generally not recommended for people who have compromised hepatic function because a diseased liver does not have the ability to clear the increased levels of MCFAs. Essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins must be added to MCT oil if it is a significant source of fat in the diet. 

MCT oil may cause diarrhea when it is consumed in large amounts (small amounts throughout the day promote greater tolerance). The most important MCT, lauric acid (12 carbons), is not found in the commercial MCT oils, from which lauric acid has been extracted for special use by the soap, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. It is only found in the natural oils such as coconut oil and palm kernel oils. The desired MCTs (in coconut oil) are saturated. In other oils, they may not be; so, one must be careful when buying MCT oil. Coconut oil also contains lauric acid, that is said to convert in the intestines to an antiviral substance, monolaurin, but monolaurin is not formed in the body unless there is a source of lauric acid in the diet. Dr. Darrell See, immunological researcher, found no antiviral activity indicated for monolaurin against one representative-type virus (Coxsackie virus B4, strain E2), however, he did establish that it is not toxic to the liver or Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells, and does not affect Phase I liver enzymes. It seems, however, that it is effective against envelope-virus infections like Klebsiella, herpes simplex, Cytomegalovirus, measles, mumps, influenza A, hepatitis C, Hemophilus influenza, staphylococcus epidermidis and aureus, Group B gram positive streptococcus, streptococcus agalactiae, gram-positive organisms, and some gram-negative organisms, (vibrio parahaemolyticus and helicobacter pylori), listeria monocytogenes, and HIV-1. The Chlamydia Trachomatis, herpes virus, and the Cytomegalovirus are inhibited by the antimicrobial lipid monolaurin as is sexually transmitted viruses such as HSV-2 and bacteria such as Neisseria gonorrhea. A number of fungi (several species of ringworm), yeast (candida albicans) and protozoa (giardia lamblia) are inactivated or killed by monolaurin. One mother’s son tested “zero” on lauric acid. When she gave Monolaurin, he began to speak in complex sentences for the first time in his 18-year life! Dr. Robert Atkins recommends that for treating cold and the flu one should use 1,800-3,600 mg for four or five days, then taper the dosage to 600-1,200 mg daily. Dr. Kabara recommends these lower servings be used regularly as preventive. These reports inform us more about these vital oils. 

Kabara (1978) and others have reported that certain fatty acids (e.g., Medium-Chain Saturates) and their derivatives (e.g., Monoglycerides) can have adverse effects on various microorganisms. Those inactivated include bacteria, yeast, fungi, and enveloped viruses. The medium-chain saturated fatty acids and their derivatives act by disrupting the lipid membranes of these organisms (Isaacs and Thormar 1991) (Isaacs et al. 1992). In particular, enveloped viruses are inactivated in both human and bovine milk by added fatty acids and monoglycerides (Isaacs et al. 1991) as well as by those that are endogenous (Isaacs et al. 1986, 1990, 1991, 1992; Thormar et al. 1987). 

All three monoesters of lauric acid are shown to be active antimicrobials. Additionally, it is reported that the antimicrobial effects of the fatty acids and monoglycerides are additive, and total concentration is critical for inactivating viruses (Isaacs and Thormar 1990). In other words, use enough to do the job. Dr. Kabara recommends that you start on low dose and build the amount slowly until benefit is seen. There may be die-off reactions.  

The properties that determine the anti-infective action of lipids are related to their structure (e.g., the monoglycerides are active, diglycerides and triglycerides are inactive). Of the saturated fatty acids, lauric acid has greater antiviral activity than either caprylic acid (C-10) or myristic acid (C-14), but caprylic acid is more effective against candida, killing both the yeast and fungal forms while not affecting the “good guys” of the gut. 

The action attributed to monolaurin is that of solubilizing the lipids and phospholipids in the envelope of the virus causing the disintegration of the virus envelope. In effect, it is reported that the fatty acids and monoglycerides produce their killing/inactivating effect by lysing the lipid bilayer plasma membrane. However, there is evidence from recent studies that one antimicrobial effect is related to its interference with signal transduction (Projan et al. 1994). 

Now, everyone “knows” that saturated oil raises cholesterol; but if you add just a little EFAs, it doesn’t work like that. If you use the natural coconut oil, then it will raise low cholesterol, but lower high cholesterol. Additionally, saturated fat reduces children’s allergies while trans-fats increase them, according to a team of researchers from Finland. If you try the coconut oil, start with a very small amount—one teaspoon per day for an adult. Three tablespoons per day is a therapeutic amount for an adult.  

To utilize these MCT oils requires coenzyme B₆ (Pyridoxal 5' Phosphate, often referred to as P5P), and magnesium. Some might have essential fatty-acid deficit symptoms, but the problem could really be a lack of vitamin B₆ and magnesium. You must supplement vitamin B₆, zinc, and magnesium, especially when using coconut oil. Remember, that a zinc deficiency adversely influences coconut oils tending to a fatty liver. P5P is apt to be more effective because a large majority of “healthy” people do not convert the regular vitamin B₆ to its metabolite form. One study showed 19% were deficient in one or more B-vitamins, but 62% were deficient in the necessary metabolites. Zinc deficiency can also look like a fatty acid deficiency, and children with milk intolerance have been shown to be deficient in EFAs. I suggest that you supplement magnesium, zinc, and P5P (Super Nu Thera by Kirkman Laboratories) before doing the essential fatty acids. Be aware that many P5P preparations contain supplemental copper to prevent pyridoxal retinopathy in copper-deficient people. The maximum of Vitamin B₆ supplemented should be 500 mg Pyridoxine or 100 mg P5P.  

“Lauricidin® is the only monolaurin clinically tested. The dosage is somewhat critical, and this is where I can help based on our initial discovery of monolaurin and our 30 years of experience with this interesting material. Please write jonkab@AOL.com, or call me at (815) 777-1887 for information and a supply of monolaurin (Lauricidin®) from Med-Chem Labs.”—Dr. Jon J. Kabara. 

Unsaturated fatty acids are subject to rapid oxidation forming great amounts of free radicals. So, when supplementing them, you must supplement Vitamins E, C, and selenium, preferably before beginning to use the oils. This is necessary to avoid an increase in the risk of cancer and other cellular damage by countering this new source of free radicals that is being added to those already produced by these over-stressed bodies. A failure to supply these needed antioxidants will deplete your antioxidant levels, especially selenium.  

Fatty acids have been used to control asthma, yet some fear to use Evening Primrose Oil. It is probably the lack of antioxidants or an excess of GLA that caused the reported seizures. You can precipitate an asthma attack or seizure in those susceptible by giving high EPO intake when GLA levels are already high. Usually, one 500 mg capsule of EPO is safe for children. You need the EPAs of cod-liver oil to help get the inflammation down, but you don’t want to overdo these either. You must seek to balance the GLA/EPA.  

In addition to the fatty acids to control asthma, we need to note that vitamin C, zinc, garlic, half one’s body weight in ounces of pure water with a dash of salt on the tongue after each glass of water, all have relieved asthma as has a sugarless, low carbohydrate, high-protein diet supported by desiccated adrenal glandulars. Conversely, excess GLA or GLA without sufficient antioxidants, environmental toxins, especially the high levels found in the home, fluoride, and candida all tend to asthma. One in five children now have either asthma or eczema in childhood. Many babies today seem to be born with eczema or asthma, or to develop it within a few days of birth. Asthma and eczema are known clinical reactions to latex allergy, but it is possible that other allergic diseases might be traced to the same source. Remarkable relief is had with glyconutrients and phytonutrients. Use them for three months at retail price, and I will refund your full purchase price if you are not satisfied! 

If the stool is light in color, shiny, unformed, frothy, floats, and is foul smelling you must supplement a digestive enzyme containing lipase and ox bile to digest the fats and these oils. Consider a small supplemental intake of the amino acids taurine and glycine to improve bile formation in the liver.

Three Metabolic Types

It is important that a person eat according to his metabolic type. I can send you a questionnaire that will aid you in determining your and your children’s type. It gives a shopping list of foods and meal ratios to serve for each of three types. The fat, carbohydrate, and protein must always be served in balance for best energy and health. There must be protein in every meal. Think of your body as a fireplace. It must be stoked with light, intermediate, and heavy fuel or you will never get it to burn and heat properly. What ratios are needed, however, depends on how the draft is set. Are you a fast or a slow metabolizer? For those who eat mainly carbohydrates, you must quit feeding on high glycemic foods, and use only low glycemic ones. If you send your email address, I will send you the questionnaire, and a glycemic index of foods. There is no obligation.